Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Alternative Names

  • HCC
  • Cancer, Hepatocellular
  • Liver Cancer
  • Liver Cell Carcinoma
  • LCC
  • Hepatoma
Back to search Result
WHO-ICD-10 version:2010

Neoplasms

Malignant neoplasms

OMIM Number

114550

Mode of Inheritance

Somatic mutation

Gene Map Locus

2q33.1,3p22.1, 3q26.32,5q22.2,6q25.3,7q31.2,8p22,16p13.3,17p13.1

Description

Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a major worldwide public health concern. Despite recent advances, there has been little success in improving the survival of HCC patients. It is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. In Middle Eastern countries, the prevalence of this cancer is low compared to Sub-Saharan Africa and some other Far East countries, but it is still a major concern among men, especially in Egypt and Saudi Arabia. The symptoms are hepatic mass, abdominal pain and, in advanced stages, jaundice, cachexia, and liver failure. The major risk factors for HCC are chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, prolonged dietary aflatoxin exposure, alcoholic cirrhosis, and cirrhosis due to other causes.

The most commonly offered therapy is transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). It is performed by an interventional radiologist who selectively cannulates the feeding artery to the tumor and delivers high local doses of chemotherapy. In early stages, the patients will be suitable for potentially curative treatments: surgical resection, liver transplantation, and percutaneous ablation.

HCC results from interactions between individual genomic background and environmental factors, showing a polygenic pattern. The malignant phenotype is heterogeneous, and is produced by the disruption of a number of genes that function in different regulatory pathways, producing several molecular variants of HCC. Comparative genomic hybridization and SNP arrays have identified chromosomal aberrations, including gains in chromosomes 1q, 6p, 8q, 17q, and 20q; and losses in 4q, 8p, 13q, 16q, and 17p.

Epidemiology in the Arab World

View Map
Subject IDCountrySexFamily HistoryParental ConsanguinityHPO TermsVariantZygosityMode of InheritanceReferenceRemarks
114550.1.1MoroccoUnknown Hepatocellular carcinomaNM_000410.3:c.845G>AHeterozygousEzzikouri et al. 2008
606003.2United Arab EmiratesFemaleYesYes Hepatosplenomegaly; Cutis laxa; Protei...NM_006755.2:c.574C>THomozygousAutosomal, RecessiveAl-Shamsi et al. 2014; Grammatikopoulos et al. 2022 Belongs to a tribe o...
114550.G.1.1MoroccoUnknown Hepatocellular carcinomaNM_000410.3:c.187C>GHeterozygousEzzikouri et al. 2008 Group of 34 patients
114550.G.1.2MoroccoUnknown Hepatocellular carcinomaNM_000410.3:c.187C>GHomozygousEzzikouri et al. 2008 Group of 3 patients

Other Reports

Bahrain

Poustchi et al. (2010) collected the incidence for Hepatocellular Carcinoma from the Population-based Cancer registry Data for Middle Eastern countries. The incidence per 100,000 in Bahrain was 5.3 in men and women 3.1 in women.

Egypt

Poustchi et al. (2010) collected the incidence for Hepatocellular Carcinoma from the Population-based Cancer registry Data for Middle Eastern countries. The incidence of HCC was found to have increased sharply in the last 5-10 years. The prevalence is high in the Nile Delta area, probably due to pollution from insecticides. Men showed a higher incidence for HCC as compared to women (21.9/100,000 versus 4.5/100,000).

Jordan

Poustchi et al. (2010) collected the incidence for Hepatocellular Carcinoma from the Population-based Cancer registry Data for Middle Eastern countries. The incidence per 100,000 in Jordan was 1.9 in men while in women it was 1.3.

Kuwait

Siddique et al. (2004) studied 182 patients diagnosed with primary liver cancer by reviewing the records of the Kuwait Cancer Registry during a six-year period (1996-2001). The diagnosis was established by either histological examination of the tumor, or by combination of the clinical features imaging studies demonstrating space-occupying lesion(s), and a serum AFP level then if complete data were available calculating the CLIP score and the Okuda stage at the time of diagnosis.

Poustchi et al. (2010) collected the incidence for Hepatocellular Carcinoma from the Population-based Cancer registry Data for Middle Eastern countries. The incidence per 100,000 in Kuwait was 8.1 in men while in women it was 3.6.

Lebanon

Poustchi et al. (2010) collected the incidence for Hepatocellular Carcinoma from the Population-based Cancer registry Data for Middle Eastern countries. The incidence per 100,000 in Lebanon was 3.5 in men while in women it was 2.2.

Oman

Poustchi et al. (2010) collected the incidence for Hepatocellular Carcinoma from the Population-based Cancer registry Data for Middle Eastern countries. The incidence per 100,000 in Oman was 7.4 in men while in women it was 3.2.

Palestine

Poustchi et al. (2010) collected the incidence for Hepatocellular Carcinoma from the Population-based Cancer registry Data for Middle Eastern countries. The incidence per 100,000 in Palestine was 2.6 in men while in women it was 0.7.

Qatar

Poustchi et al. (2010) collected the incidence for Hepatocellular Carcinoma from the Population-based Cancer registry Data for Middle Eastern countries. The incidence per 100,000 in Qatar was 3.4 in men while in women it was 1.8.

Saudi Arabia

Poustchi et al. (2010) collected the incidence for Hepatocellular Carcinoma from the Population-based Cancer registry Data for Middle Eastern countries. The incidence per 100,000 in Saudi Arabia was 5.9 in men while in women it was 2.2.

Tunisia

Poustchi et al. (2010) collected the incidence for Hepatocellular Carcinoma from the Population-based Cancer registry Data for Middle Eastern countries. The incidence per 100,000 in Tunisia was 2.2 in men while in women it was 0.7.

Yemen

Salem et al. (2012) carried out a retrospective study of all patients admitted to Al-Thawra Teaching Hospital in Sana'a with hepatocellular carcinoma to study the disease profile in Yemeni patients and identify possible risk factors. During the 8-year study period, January 2001-December 2008, 251 patients were admitted with confirmed hepatocellular carcinoma. Around 75% of the patients were males. Age range was 26-75 years, mean 53.5 (SD 13.9) years. Most patients were farmers (74%) and had a history of chemical contact. Chronic hepatitis B virus infection (48%) and hepatitis C virus infection (38%) were the most frequently identified risk factors. Qat chewing and smoking were not statistically significant risk factors. Right lobe involvement was seen in 109 (43%) patients and 154 (61%) presented with multiple lesions. Salem et al. (2012) found 187 (74%) patients had cirrhotic liver associated with hepatocellular carcinoma. They also noted that overall mortality rate within 6 months of admission to hospital was 24%.

© CAGS 2024. All rights reserved.