Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Hypomaturation Type, IIA2

Alternative Names

  • AI2A2
  • Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Pigmented Hypomaturation Type, 2
Back to search Result
WHO-ICD-10 version:2010

Diseases of the digestive system

Diseases of oral cavity, salivary glands and jaws

OMIM Number

612529

Mode of Inheritance

Autosomal recessive

Gene Map Locus

11q22.2

Description

Amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) is a group of developmental conditions, which affect the enamel and may be associated with biochemical and morphological changes elsewhere in the body.  The exact prevalence is unknown.  However, its incidence is known to vary from 1:700 to 1:14,000 in some studies.  Affected patients have yellowish- brown dental enamel, and a rough tooth surface.  An anterior open bite, with or without increased sensitivity to thermal changes or tendency towards disintegration is seen in some patients.  Four types of AI are recognized clinically.  Of these, Type II or the Hypomaturation type is characterized by an open bite, creamy to yellow-brown roughly surfaced teeth that may be tender and sore, and thickened and unusually brittle enamel. 

AI can occur in isolation or in association with other abnormalities as part of a syndrome.  Diagnosis is based on the family history and clinical evaluation.  The condition can be managed by early intervention.  In infancy, this can be achieved by the use of metal crowns on posterior teeth.  Longer-term care involves the use of crowns and plastic restorations.

Molecular Genetics

Amelogenesis Imperfecta, Type IIA2 (AI2A2) is an autosomal recessive condition caused by mutations in the MMP20 gene.  The MMP20 gene codes for a tooth-specific matrix metalloproteinase-20, which has an important role in the normal development of tooth enamel.  This gene is expressed in secretory stage ameloblasts, and the expressed protein plays a major role in allowing the enamel crystallites to grow in width and thickness. 

Close to 10 different mutations in the MMP20 gene in humans have been known to result in AI2A2.

Epidemiology in the Arab World

View Map

Other Reports

Saudi Arabia

Shahid et al., (2016) enrolled 21 Saudi Arabian families having 41 patients with non-syndromic forms of tooth agenesis.  In addition, 100 healthy matched controls were also recruited into this study.  These patients were referred to the dental clinic for dental treatment.  Two of the participants fulfilled the definition of oligodontia and the mean number of missing permanent teeth was 7.  Diagnosis of tooth agenesis was confirmed by clinical and radiographic examination.  Sanger sequencing enabled the identification of a previously reported p.Lys18Thr mutation in exon 1 of PPM20 gene in five of the patients.  Two of these patients were related (mother-daughter).  This mutation was also found in 10% of controls.  In all, 16 patients were found to carry bialllelic mutations or SNPs in the MMP20 gene.  

© CAGS 2024. All rights reserved.