Retinitis Pigmentosa

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WHO-ICD-10 version:2010

Diseases of the eye and adnexa

Disorders of choroid and retina

OMIM Number

268000

Mode of Inheritance

Autosomal recessive most frequent, autosomal dominant next, and X-linked recessive least frequent

Gene Map Locus

14q31.3

Description

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by progressive loss of vision and night-blindness. Etiologically, the disorder can be classified as a cone-rod dystrophy caused by apoptotic changes in the photoreceptor cells of the eye. Clinically, affected patients begin to show the symptoms of nyctalopia and vision loss in early adulthood. The latter usually begins early on as a peripheral vision loss, resulting in tunnel vision. Over time, however, the condition may progress to include central vision loss as well. Photopsia, or the visual perception of flashes of light, is also seen in many patients. Although RP is usually found in isolation, it can also form a part of several syndromic conditions, such as Usher syndrome, Kearn Sayre syndrome, and abetalipoproteinemia.

RP is a fairly common disorder, affecting approximately 1 in 4,000 individuals. Although the disease is not curable, techniques are available to ameliorate the condition. Night vision difficulties can be eased with the help of ocular devices. Clinical trials are underway to test new treatment strategies, including the use of vitamin A and omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of RP. Doctors recommend annual eye examinations and evaluations for patients since there may be a tendency for affected patients to develop cataracts and/or retinal swelling.

 

Molecular Genetics

As mentioned above, retinitis pigmentosa is a genetically heterogeneous disorder. About 20% cases of RP are inherited in an autosomal dominant manner; some of the genes being implicated in this being ORP1 (Oxygen-Regulated Photoreceptor Protein 1), RP9 (PIM1-Associated Protein, Mouse, Homolog of), IMPDH1 (IMP Dehydrogenase 1), PRPH2 (Peripherin 2, Mouse, Homolog of), and PRPF3 (Precursor mRNA-Processing Factor 3, S. Cerevisiae, Homolog of), among others.

A similar percentage of RP cases are transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner. These involve genes as diverse as SPATA7 (Spermatogenesis-Associated Protein 7), CRB1 (Crumbs, Drosophila, Homolog of, 1), ABCA4 (ATP-Binding Cassette, Subfamily A, Member 4), and RPE65 (Retinal Pigment Epithelium-Specific Protein, 65-KD).

In addition, the genes RRP2, and RPGR (Retinitis Pigmentosa GTPase Regulator) have been implicated in the X-linked form of RP, which accounts for 10% of the cases. More than 40 genes have been implicated in the pathogenesis of isolated RP, while another 50 have been found responsible for syndromic RP. It is noteworthy that identical mutations may also result in significantly different disease manifestations in different individuals.

Epidemiology in the Arab World

View Map
Subject IDCountrySexFamily HistoryParental ConsanguinityHPO TermsVariantZygosityMode of InheritanceReferenceRemarks
268000.1Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_145290.4:c.2504C>GHomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016
268000.2Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_133497.4:c.427G>THomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016
268000.3Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Retinal dystrophyNM_025114.4:c.5668G>THomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016
268000.4Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_170784.3:c.295T>CHomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016
268000.5Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_020184.4:c.1484C>THomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016
268000.6Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_000554.6:c.425A>GHeterozygousAutosomal, DominantPatel et al. 2016
268000.7Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_001298.3:c.661C>THomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016
268000.8Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_000554.6:c.425A>GHeterozygousAutosomal, DominantPatel et al. 2016
268000.9Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_004744.5:c.233_242delHomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016
268000.10Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_025132.4:c.2777G>THomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016
268000.11Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophy; Obesity; Abnormal fa...NM_000214.2:c.1481dupHeterozygousAutosomal, DominantPatel et al. 2016
268000.12Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_001298.3:c.2050G>AHomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016
268000.13Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophy; Progressive night bl...NM_001004334.4:c.349G>AHomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016 bone spicules, atten...
268000.G.1Saudi ArabiaUnknownYes Rod-cone dystrophyNM_002242.4:c.359T>CHomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016 Family with unknown ...
268000.G.2Saudi ArabiaUnknownYes Rod-cone dystrophyNM_000554.6:c.695delHeterozygousAutosomal, DominantPatel et al. 2016 Family with unknown ...
268000.G.3Saudi ArabiaUnknownYes Retinal dystrophyNM_000554.6:c.274G>AHeterozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016 Family with unknown ...
268000.G.4Saudi ArabiaUnknownYes Retinal dystrophyNM_001378454.1:c.11873-2A>THomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016 Family with unknown ...
268000.G.5Saudi ArabiaUnknownYes Rod-cone dystrophyNM_000326.5:c.286_297delHomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016 Family with unknown ...
268000.G.6Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_133497.4:c.427G>THomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016 Family with unknown ...
268000.G.7Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_001298.3:c.1618G>AHomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016 Family with unknown ...
268000.G.8Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_033028.5:c.262del, NM_033028.5:c.1311_1312insTCompound heterozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016 Family with unknown ...
268000.G.9Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophyNM_004062.4:c.950C>THomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016 Group of 4 family me...
268000.G.10Saudi ArabiaUnknownNo Rod-cone dystrophy; Decreased circulatin...NM_018163.3:c.681G>AHomozygousAutosomal, RecessivePatel et al. 2016 2 siblings. While th...

Other Reports

Jordan

Al-Salem et al. (1996) investigated the most common causes of blindness and the age of onset of these conditions among Jordanians of Irbid. The study group included 185 individuals who were blind according to the World Health Organization definition. Genetically determined causes made up 41% of the total causes for blindness in the patient group. In 57% of the subjects, blindness occurred in the first two decades of life. Retinitis pigmentosa was shown as the leading specific cause of blindness in the studied group (17.6%).

Kuwait

Al-Merjan et al. (2005) presented the causes and incidence rates of disorders leading to blindness and low vision in Kuwait, based on the data collected by the Visual Disability Committee in a 5-year period from 2000 to 2004. Of the 826,083 people (407,871 males) registered with blindness and low vision, 39% were below the age of 20-years, 32% were between the ages of 21and 40-years, while only about 10% were over 60-years of age. Retinitis pigmentosa was found to be leading cause of disability, with an overall incidence rate of 1.93 per 100,000 individuals. The incidence varied between males (2.69) and females (1.19).

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