Masri et al. 2003 studied the impact of cytokine gene polymorphisms on graft acceptance in a cohort of 163 transplant patients and their donors. Expression rates of gene polymorphisms in graft recipients-donors cohort were determined using sequence-specific polymerase (SSP) PCR primers corresponding to high, intermediate, or low producers of TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6, and interferon. The results were compared with a control group consisting of normal healthy Lebanese individuals. TGF-β production was observed to be high (81.6%) in patients with biopsy-proven graph rejection compared to patients with normal graph function. Patients with high TGF-β, low IL-10, and low interferon were found to have the highest CMV infection rates. Similar patterns were observed in patients with cyclosporine toxicity. Masri et al. concluded that their study indicated association of TGF-β with cyclosporine toxicity, chronic rejection, and immunosuppression.