Waardenburg Syndrome, Type 4A

Alternative Names

  • WS4A
  • Waardenburg Syndrome, Type IV
  • WS4
  • Waardenburg Syndrome with Hirschsprung Disease, Type 4A
  • Waardenburg-Shah Syndrome
  • Shah-Waardenburg Syndrome
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WHO-ICD-10 version:2010

Congenital malformations, deformations and chromosomal abnormalities

Other congenital malformations

OMIM Number

277580

Mode of Inheritance

Autosomal recessive, Autosomal dominant

Gene Map Locus

13q22,20q13.32,22q13.1

Description

Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a genetic disorder characterised by congenital hearing loss, dystopia canthorum (increased distance between the inner canthi),  and abnormalities in pigmentation of the hair, skin, and eyes. There are four different types of Waardenburg Syndrome: types 1 and 2 are the most common types, whereas types 3 and 4 are relatively rare. Waardenburg syndrome type 4 (WS4; Waardenburg-Shah syndrome) is distinguished from the other types of WS by its association with Hirschsprung disease, which is a neurocristopathy clinically recognized by aganglionosis of the distal gastrointestinal tract.

WS4 is genetically heterogeneous and has several subtypes. Mutations in the EDNRB (Endothelin Receptor, Type B ) gene, located on chromosome 13q22.3, is known to cause WS4A. Other subtypes of WS4 are caused by mutations in the EDN3 gene or SOX10 gene.

Epidemiology in the Arab World

View Map
Subject IDCountrySexFamily HistoryParental ConsanguinityHPO TermsVariantZygosityMode of InheritanceReferenceRemarks
277580.1.1LebanonMaleNoYes Sensorineural hearing impairment; Abno...NM_001122659.3:c.1025G>THomozygousAutosomal, RecessiveHaddad et al., 2011
277580.2.1TunisiaFemaleYesYes Aganglionic megacolon; Sensorineural hea...NM_000115.5:c.548C>GHomozygousAutosomal, RecessiveAttie et al. 1995
277580.2.2TunisiaFemaleYesYes Aganglionic megacolon; Sensorineural hea...NM_000115.5:c.548C>GHomozygousAutosomal, RecessiveAttie et al. 1995 Sister of 277580.2.1

Other Reports

Oman

Abdulrazzaq (1989) reported a full term baby boy with Waardenburg's syndrome with long segment Hirschsprung's disease who was born to a non-consanguineous Omani family. At birth the baby was noted to have a white forelock and a hypopigmented area on the forehead. On the second day of life, he developed abdominal distension. Two male siblings who died during the neonatal period had long segment Hirschsprung's disease, with one of them having in addition, a white forelock.

[Abdulrazzaq YM. Waardenburg's syndrome with long segment Hirschsprung's disease in an Omani family. Emirates Med J. 1989; 7:26-9.]

Tunisia

Bonnet et al. (1996) reported a Tunisian infant of consanguineous parents with pigmentary disorders, congenital deafness and long-segment Hirschsprung disease. Her elder sister had the same disorders but with short-segment aganglionosis. Their father, mother and two brothers are healthy without history of deafness, constipation or pigmentary disorder. Bonnet et al. (1996) confirmed that this Waardenburg-Hirschsprung association seems to be a distinct clinical entity with a possible autosomal recessive mode of inheritance. Linkage analyses performed in this family support the view that neither the RET locus (candidate for familial dominant Hirschsprung disease) nor the HuP2 locus (candidate for Waardenburg syndrome type I) are involved in the disease phenotype. They also suggested that Waardenburg-Hirschsprung complex is a distinct genetic entity and at least one additional locus altering cranial neural crest cell development is responsible for pleiotropic features observed in this association.

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